Barbados :: Central America and Caribbean
Introduction
Background:
The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. African slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island, which initially dominated the Caribbean sugar industry. By 1720 Barbados was no longer a dominant force within the sugar industry, having been surpassed by the Leeward Islands and Jamaica. Slavery was abolished in 1834. The Barbadian economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance. Barbados plans to remove the British monarch as its head of state by November 2021 and transition to a republic.
Geography
Location:
Caribbean, island in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela
Geographic coordinates:
13 10 N, 59 32 W
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total:
430 sq km
land:
430 sq km
water:
0 sq km
country comparison to the world: 201
Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
97 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12
nm
exclusive economic zone:
200
nm
Climate:
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Terrain:
relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region
Elevation:
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Mount Hillaby 336 m
Natural resources:
petroleum, fish, natural gas
Land use:
agricultural land:
32.6%
(2016 est.)
arable land:
25.6%
(2016 est.)
/
permanent crops:
2.3%
(2016 est.)
/
permanent pasture:
4.7%
(2016 est.)
forest:
19.4%
(2016 est.)
other:
48%
(2016 est.)
Irrigated land:
50 sq km
(2012)
Population distribution:
most densely populated country in the eastern Caribbean; approximately one-third live in urban areas
Natural hazards:
infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides
Environment - current issues:
pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers
Environment - international agreements:
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
easternmost Caribbean island
People and Society
Population:
294,560
(July 2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
Nationality:
noun:
Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)
adjective:
Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)
Ethnic groups:
African descent 92.4%, mixed 3.1%, White 2.7%, East Indian 1.3%, other 0.2%, unspecified 0.3%
(2010 est.)
Languages:
English (official), Bajan (English-based creole language, widely spoken in informal settings)
Religions:
Protestant 66.4% (includes Anglican 23.9%, other Pentecostal 19.5%, Adventist 5.9%, Methodist 4.2%, Wesleyan 3.4%, Nazarene 3.2%, Church of God 2.4%, Baptist 1.8%, Moravian 1.2%, other Protestant 0.9%), Roman Catholic 3.8%, other Christian 5.4% (includes Jehovah's Witness 2.0%, other 3.4%), Rastafarian 1%, other 1.5%, none 20.6%, unspecified 1.2%
(2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
17.49%
(male 25,762/female 25,764)
15-24 years:
12.34%
(male 18,024/female 18,330)
25-54 years:
42.69%
(male 62,655/female 63,093)
55-64 years:
13.91%
(male 19,533/female 21,430)
65 years and over:
13.57%
(male 16,398/female 23,571)
(2020 est.)
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:
50.3
youth dependency ratio:
25.2
elderly dependency ratio:
25.1
potential support ratio:
4
(2020 est.)
Median age:
total:
39.5 years
male:
38.4 years
female:
40.7 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Population growth rate:
0.23%
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
Birth rate:
11.3 births/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Death rate:
8.8 deaths/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Net migration rate:
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Population distribution:
most densely populated country in the eastern Caribbean; approximately one-third live in urban areas
Urbanization:
urban population:
31.2% of total population
(2020)
rate of urbanization:
0.2% annual rate of change
(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
89,000 BRIDGETOWN (capital)
(2018)
Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.01 male(s)/female
0-14 years:
1 male(s)/female
15-24 years:
0.98 male(s)/female
25-54 years:
0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years:
0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.7 male(s)/female
total population:
0.94 male(s)/female
(2020 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
27 deaths/100,000 live births
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
Infant mortality rate:
total:
9.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male:
10.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
8.4 deaths/1,000 live births
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
76 years
male:
73.6 years
female:
78.4 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
Total fertility rate:
1.68 children born/woman
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
59.2%
(2012)
Drinking water source:
improved:
total:
98.5% of population
unimproved:
total:
1.5% of population
(2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure:
6.8%
(2017)
Physicians density:
2.48 physicians/1,000 population
(2017)
Hospital bed density:
6 beds/1,000 population
(2017)
Sanitation facility access:
improved:
total:
99.2% of population
unimproved:
total:
0.8% of population
(2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.1%
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,700
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
<100
(2019 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
23.1%
(2016)
country comparison to the world: 67
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
3.5%
(2012)
country comparison to the world: 94
Education expenditures:
4.4% of GDP
(2017)
country comparison to the world: 80
Literacy:
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99.6%
male:
99.6%
female:
99.6%
(2014)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:
15 years
male:
14 years
female:
17 years
(2011)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:
29.6%
male:
27.9%
female:
31.5%
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
Government
Country name:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Barbados
etymology:
the name derives from the Portuguese "as barbadas," which means "the bearded ones" and can refer either to the long, hanging roots of the island's bearded fig trees or to the alleged beards of the native Carib inhabitants
Government type:
parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital:
name:
Bridgetown
geographic coordinates:
13 06 N, 59 37 W
time difference:
UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named after a bridge constructed over the swampy area (known as the Careenage) around the Constitution River that flows through the center of Bridgetown
Administrative divisions:
11 parishes and 1 city*; Bridgetown*, Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas
Independence:
30 November 1966 (from the UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 November (1966)
Constitution:
history:
adopted 22 November 1966, effective 30 November 1966
amendments:
proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the organization and authorities of the branches of government requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament; passage of other amendments only requires a majority vote of both houses; amended several times, last in 2010
Legal system:
English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts
International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship:
citizenship by birth:
yes
citizenship by descent only:
yes
dual citizenship recognized:
yes
residency requirement for naturalization:
5 years
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sandra MASON (since 8 January 2018)
head of government:
Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 25 May 2018)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections/appointments:
the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Legislative branch:
description:
bicameral Parliament consists of: Senate (21 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister, 2 on the advice of the opposition leader, and 7 at the discretion of the governor general) ++ House of Assembly (30 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
elections: Senate - last appointments on 5 June 2018 (next appointments NA) ++ House of Assembly - last held on 24 May 2018 (next to be held in 2023)
election results: Senate - appointed; composition - men 16, women 5, percent of women 23.8% ++ House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - BLP 74.6%, DLP 22.6%, other 2.8%; seats by party - BLP 30; composition - men 24, women 6, percent of women 20%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.6%
note: tradition dictates that the election is held within 5 years of the last election, but constitutionally it is 5 years from the first seating of Parliament plus a 90-day grace period
Judicial branch:
highest courts:
Supreme Court (consists of the High Court with 8 justices) and the Court of Appeal (consists of the High Court chief justice and president of the court and 4 justices; note - in 2005, Barbados acceded to the Caribbean Court of Justice as the final court of appeal, replacing that of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
judge selection and term of office:
Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister and opposition leader of Parliament; other justices appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, a 5-member independent body consisting of the Supreme Court chief justice, the commission head, and governor general appointees recommended by the prime minister; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 65
subordinate courts:
Magistrates' Courts
Political parties and leaders:
Bajan Free Party [Alex MITCHELL] ++ Barbados Integrity Movement [Neil HOLDER] ++ Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Mia MOTTLEY] ++ Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Freundel STUART] ++ People's Democratic Congress [Mark ADAMSON] ++ People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG] ++ Solutions Barbados [Grenville PHILLIPS II] ++ United Progressive Party or UPP [Lynette EASTMOND]
International organization participation:
ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Noel Anderson LYNCH (since 11 January 2019)
chancery:
2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 939-9200
FAX:
[1] (202) 332-7467
consulate(s) general:
Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Linda S. TAGLIALATELA (since 1 February 2016) note - also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
telephone:
[1] (246) 227-4000
embassy:
Wildey Business Park, Wildey, St. Michael BB 14006, W.I.
mailing address:
P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown BB 11000; (Department Name) Unit 3120, DPO AA 34055
FAX:
[1] (246) 431-0179
Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of ultramarine blue (hoist side), gold, and ultramarine blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)
National symbol(s):
Neptune's trident, pelican, Red Bird of Paradise flower (also known as Pride of Barbados); national colors: blue, yellow, black
National anthem:
name:
The National Anthem of Barbados
lyrics/music:
Irving BURGIE/C. Van Roland EDWARDS
note: adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as "In Plenty and In Time of Need"
Economy
Economic overview:
Barbados is the wealthiest and one of the most developed countries in the Eastern Caribbean and enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the region. Historically, the Barbadian economy was dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities. However, in recent years the economy has diversified into light industry and tourism. Offshore finance and information services are important foreign exchange earners, boosted by being in the same time zone as eastern US financial centers and by a relatively highly educated workforce. Following the 2008-09 recession, external vulnerabilities such as fluctuations in international oil prices have hurt economic growth, raised Barbados' already high public debt to GDP ratio - which stood at 105% of GDP in 2016 - and cut into its international reserves.
GDP real growth rate:
-0.2%
(2017 est.)
2.3%
(2016 est.)
2.2%
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.4%
(2017 est.)
1.5%
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Credit ratings:
Moody's rating:
Caa1
(2019)
Standard & Poors rating:
B-
(2019)
GDP (purchasing power parity) - real:
$5.218 billion
(2017 est.)
$5.227 billion
(2016 est.)
$5.111 billion
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$4.99 billion
(2017 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$18,600
(2017 est.)
$18,700
(2016 est.)
$18,300
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 78
Gross national saving:
7.2% of GDP
(2017 est.)
11.8% of GDP
(2016 est.)
10.8% of GDP
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:
1.5%
(2017 est.)
industry:
9.8%
(2017 est.)
services:
88.7%
(2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:
84.2%
(2017 est.)
government consumption:
13.4%
(2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital:
17.6%
(2017 est.)
investment in inventories:
0.2%
(2017 est.)
exports of goods and services:
31.6%
(2017 est.)
imports of goods and services:
-47%
(2017 est.)
Ease of Doing Business Index scores:
57.9
(2020)
Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, vegetables, cotton
Industries:
tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export
Industrial production growth rate:
2.4%
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
Labor force:
144,000
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:
10%
industry:
15%
services:
75%
(1996 est.)
Unemployment rate:
10.1%
(2017 est.)
9.9%
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
Population below poverty line:
NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
NA
highest 10%:
NA
Budget:
revenues:
1.466 billion
(2013 est.)
(2017 est.)
expenditures:
1.664 billion
(2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
29.4% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-4% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Public debt:
157.3% of GDP
(2017 est.)
149.1% of GDP
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
Current account balance:
-$189 million
(2017 est.)
-$206 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Exports:
$485.4 million
(2017 est.)
$516.9 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Exports - partners:
US 38%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.2%, Guyana 5.5%, Jamaica 5%, China 4.8%, St. Lucia 4.6%
(2017)
Exports - commodities:
manufactures, sugar, molasses, rum, other foodstuffs and beverages, chemicals, electrical components
Imports:
$1.52 billion
(2017 est.)
$1.541 billion
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Imports - commodities:
consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components
Imports - partners:
US 38.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.6%, China 7.1%, UK 4.7%
(2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$264.5 million
(31 December 2017 est.)
$341.8 million
(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Debt - external:
$4.49 billion
(2010 est.)
$668 million
(2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
Exchange rates:
Barbadian dollars (BBD) per US dollar -
2
(2017 est.)
2
(2016 est.)
2
(2015 est.)
2
(2014 est.)
2
(2013 est.)
note: the Barbadian dollar is pegged to the US dollar
Energy
Electricity access:
electrification - total population:
100%
(2020)
Electricity - production:
1.01 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Electricity - consumption:
990 million kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
269,000 kW
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
93% of total installed capacity
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
7% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Crude oil - production:
1,000 bbl/day
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
Crude oil - exports:
674 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Crude oil - proved reserves:
2.534 million bbl
(1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
Refined petroleum products - imports:
10,630 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Natural gas - production:
14.16 million cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Natural gas - consumption:
19.82 million cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Natural gas - imports:
5.653 million cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Natural gas - proved reserves:
141.6 million cu m
(1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
1.76 million Mt
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines:
total subscriptions:
141,618
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
48.19
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
Telephones - mobile cellular:
total subscriptions:
319,177
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
108.61
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
Telecommunication systems:
general assessment:
island-wide automatic telephone system; telecom sector across the Caribbean region remains one of the key growth areas and contributors to the overall GDP; numerous competitors licensed, but small and localized
(2020)
domestic:
fixed-line teledensity of roughly 48 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density about 109 per 100 persons
(2019)
international:
country code - 1-246; landing points for the ECFS and Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cable with links to 15 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Puerto Ricco; satellite earth stations - 1 (Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia
(2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
Broadcast media:
government-owned Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) operates the lone terrestrial TV station; CBC also operates a multi-channel cable TV subscription service; roughly a dozen radio stations, consisting of a CBC-operated network operating alongside privately owned radio stations
Internet country code:
.bb
Internet users:
total:
239,664
percent of population:
81.76%
(July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
total:
89,340
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
30
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
8P
(2016)
Airports:
1
(2020)
country comparison to the world: 212
Airports - with paved runways:
total:
1
(2019)
over 3,047 m:
1
Pipelines:
33 km gas, 64 km oil, 6 km refined products
(2013)
Roadways:
total:
1,700 km
(2015)
paved:
1,700 km
(2015)
country comparison to the world: 173
Merchant marine:
total:
132
by type:
bulk carrier 25general cargo 90, other 17
(2019)
country comparison to the world: 78
Ports and terminals:
major seaport(s):
Bridgetown
Military and Security
Military and security forces:
Royal Barbados Defense Force: The Barbados Regiment, The Barbados Coast Guard
(2020)
Military and security service personnel strengths:
the Royal Barbados Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 550 active personnel (450 Barbados Regiment; 100 Coast Guard)
(2019 est.)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:
the RBDF's major equipment inventory - maritime patrol boats - is supplied by the Netherlands
(2019 est.)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service, or earlier with parental consent; no conscription
(2013)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:
Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which permits Venezuela to extend its Economic Exclusion Zone/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Illicit drugs:
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
