Solomon Islands :: Australia-Oceania
Introduction
Background:
The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the 1890s. Some of the bitterest fighting of World War II occurred on this archipelago and the Guadalcanal Campaign (August 1942-February 1943) proved a turning point in the Pacific War, since after the operation the Japanese lost their strategic initiative and remained on the defensive until thier final defeat in 1945. Self-government for the Solomon Islands came in 1976 and independence two years later. Ethnic violence, government malfeasance, endemic crime, and a narrow economic base have undermined stability and civil society. In June 2003, then Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought the assistance of Australia in reestablishing law and order; the following month, an Australian-led multinational force arrived to restore peace and disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), which ended in June 2017, was generally effective in restoring law and order and rebuilding government institutions.
Geography
Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea
Geographic coordinates:
8 00 S, 159 00 E
Map references:
Oceania
Area:
total:
28,896 sq km
land:
27,986 sq km
water:
910 sq km
country comparison to the world: 143
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
5,313 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12
nm
exclusive economic zone:
200
nm
continental shelf:
200
nm
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
Climate:
tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes
Terrain:
mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
Elevation:
lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Mount Popomanaseu 2,335 m
Natural resources:
fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
Land use:
agricultural land:
3.9%
(2011 est.)
arable land:
0.7%
(2011 est.)
/
permanent crops:
2.9%
(2011 est.)
/
permanent pasture:
0.3%
(2011 est.)
forest:
78.9%
(2011 est.)
other:
17.2%
(2011 est.)
Irrigated land:
0 sq km
NA
(2012)
Population distribution:
most of the population lives along the coastal regions; about one in five live in urban areas, and of these some two-thirds reside in Honiara, the largest town and chief port
Natural hazards:
tropical cyclones, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis
++ volcanism: Tinakula (851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal
Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying; effects of climate change and rising sea levels
Environment - international agreements:
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea
People and Society
Population:
685,097
(July 2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Nationality:
noun:
Solomon Islander(s)
adjective:
Solomon Islander
Ethnic groups:
Melanesian 95.3%, Polynesian 3.1%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 0.3%
(2009 est.)
Languages:
Melanesian pidgin (in much of the country is lingua franca), English (official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population), 120 indigenous languages
Religions:
Protestant 73.4% (Church of Melanesia 31.9%, South Sea Evangelical 17.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 11.7%, United Church 10.1%, Christian Fellowship Church 2.5%), Roman Catholic 19.6%, other Christian 2.9%, other 4%, unspecified 0.1%
(2009 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
32.99%
(male 116,397/female 109,604)
15-24 years:
19.82%
(male 69,914/female 65,874)
25-54 years:
37.64%
(male 131,201/female 126,681)
55-64 years:
5.04%
(male 17,844/female 16,704)
65 years and over:
4.51%
(male 14,461/female 16,417)
(2020 est.)
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:
77.6
youth dependency ratio:
71.1
elderly dependency ratio:
6.5
potential support ratio:
15.3
(2020 est.)
Median age:
total:
23.5 years
male:
23.2 years
female:
23.7 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Population growth rate:
1.84%
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Birth rate:
23.6 births/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
Death rate:
3.8 deaths/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 216
Net migration rate:
-1.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Population distribution:
most of the population lives along the coastal regions; about one in five live in urban areas, and of these some two-thirds reside in Honiara, the largest town and chief port
Urbanization:
urban population:
24.7% of total population
(2020)
rate of urbanization:
3.91% annual rate of change
(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
82,000 HONIARA (capital)
(2018)
Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years:
1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.88 male(s)/female
total population:
1.04 male(s)/female
(2020 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
22.6 years
(2015 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality rate:
104 deaths/100,000 live births
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Infant mortality rate:
total:
13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male:
15.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
11.4 deaths/1,000 live births
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
76.2 years
male:
73.5 years
female:
79 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Total fertility rate:
2.97 children born/woman
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
29.3%
(2015)
Drinking water source:
improved:
urban:
95% of population
rural:
67.1% of population
total:
73.6% of population
unimproved:
urban:
5% of population
rural:
32.9% of population
total:
26.4% of population
(2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure:
4.7%
(2017)
Physicians density:
0.19 physicians/1,000 population
(2016)
Hospital bed density:
1.4 beds/1,000 population
(2012)
Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban:
95.6% of population
rural:
22% of population
total:
39.1% of population
unimproved:
urban:
4.4% of population
rural:
78% of population
total:
60.9% of population
(2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk:
high
(2020)
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases:
malaria
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
22.5%
(2016)
country comparison to the world: 76
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
16.2%
(2015)
country comparison to the world: 37
Education expenditures:
9.9% of GDP
(2010)
country comparison to the world: 3
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:
1.3%
male:
1%
female:
1.6%
(2013)
country comparison to the world: 176
Government
Country name:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Solomon Islands
local long form:
none
local short form:
Solomon Islands
former:
British Solomon Islands
etymology:
Spanish explorer Alvaro de MENDANA named the isles in 1568 after the wealthy biblical King SOLOMON in the mistaken belief that the islands contained great riches
Government type:
parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital:
name:
Honiara
geographic coordinates:
9 26 S, 159 57 E
time difference:
UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name derives from "nagho ni ara," which in one of the Guadalcanal languages roughly translates as "facing the eastern wind"
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces and 1 city*; Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira and Ulawa, Malaita, Rennell and Bellona, Temotu, Western
Independence:
7 July 1978 (from the UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
Constitution:
history:
adopted 31 May 1978, effective 7 July 1978; note - in late 2017, provincial leaders agreed to adopt a new federal constitution, with passage expected in 2018, but it has been postponed indefinitely
amendments:
proposed by the National Parliament; passage of constitutional sections, including those on fundamental rights and freedoms, the legal system, Parliament, alteration of the constitution and the ombudsman, requires three-fourths majority vote by Parliament and assent of the governor general; passage of other amendments requires two-thirds majority vote and assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2014
Legal system:
mixed legal system of English common law and customary law
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship:
citizenship by birth:
no
citizenship by descent only:
at least one parent must be a citizen of the Solomon Islands
dual citizenship recognized:
no
residency requirement for naturalization:
7 years
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General David VUNAGI (since 8 July 2019)
head of government:
Prime Minister Rick HOU (since 16 November 2017)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections/appointments:
the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the National Parliament for up to 5 years (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the National Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among members of the National Parliament
election results:
Manasseh SOGAVARE (independent) defeated in no-confidence vote on 6 November 2017; Rick HOU elected prime minister on 15 November 2017
Legislative branch:
description:
unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
elections:
last held on 19 November 2014 (next to be held 3 April 2019)
election results:
percent of vote by party - UDP 10.7%, DAP 7.8%, PAP 4.4%, other 20.8%, independent 56.3%; seats by party - DAP 7, UDP 5, PAP 3, KPSI 1, SIPFP 1, SIPRA 1, independent 32; composition - men 49, women 1, percent of women 2%
Judicial branch:
highest courts:
Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and ex officio members including the High Court chief justice and its puisne judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice and puisne judges, as prescribed by the National Parliament)
judge selection and term of office:
Court of Appeal and High Court president, chief justices, and puisne judges appointed by the governor general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, chaired by the chief justice and includes 5 members, mostly judicial officials and legal professionals; all judges serve until retirement at age 60
subordinate courts:
Magistrates' Courts; Customary Land Appeal Court; local courts
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA] ++ Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Peter BOYERS] ++ People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA] ++ Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Dr. Jimmie RODGERS] ++ Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA] ++ United Democratic Party or UDP [Sir Thomas Ko CHAN]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions
International organization participation:
ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, EITI (candidate country), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Janice MOSE
chancery:
800 Second Avenue, Suite 400L, New York, NY 10017
telephone:
[1] (212) 599-6192, 6193
FAX:
[1] (212) 661-8925
Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in the Solomon Islands; the US Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands
Flag description:
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean, green the land, and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands
National symbol(s):
national colors: blue, yellow, green, white
National anthem:
name:
God Save Our Solomon Islands
lyrics/music:
Panapasa BALEKANA and Matila BALEKANA/Panapasa BALEKANA
note: adopted 1978
Economy
Economic overview:
The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closure of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI's efforts, which concluded in Jun 2017, to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds.
GDP real growth rate:
3.5%
(2017 est.)
3.5%
(2016 est.)
2.5%
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.5%
(2017 est.)
0.5%
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
Credit ratings:
Moody's rating:
B3
(2015)
GDP (purchasing power parity) - real:
$1.33 billion
(2017 est.)
$1.285 billion
(2016 est.)
$1.242 billion
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$1.298 billion
(2017 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,200
(2017 est.)
$2,100
(2016 est.)
$2,100
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 187
Gross national saving:
13.1% of GDP
(2017 est.)
15.2% of GDP
(2016 est.)
14.5% of GDP
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:
34.3%
(2017 est.)
industry:
7.6%
(2017 est.)
services:
58.1%
(2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:
NA
government consumption:
NA
investment in fixed capital:
NA
investment in inventories:
NA
exports of goods and services:
25.8%
(2011 est.)
imports of goods and services:
-49.6%
(2011 est.)
Ease of Doing Business Index scores:
53.4
(2020)
Agriculture - products:
cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, fruit; cattle, pigs; fish; timber
Industries:
fish (tuna), mining, timber
Industrial production growth rate:
3.6%
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
Labor force:
202,500
(2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:
75%
industry:
5%
services:
20%
(2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA
Population below poverty line:
NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
NA
highest 10%:
NA
Budget:
revenues:
532.5 million
(2017 est.)
expenditures:
570.5 million
(2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
41% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-2.9% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
Public debt:
9.4% of GDP
(2017 est.)
7.9% of GDP
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Current account balance:
-$54 million
(2017 est.)
-$49 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Exports:
$468.6 million
(2017 est.)
$419.9 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Exports - partners:
China 64.5%, Italy 6.2%, Switzerland 4.6%, Philippines 4.4%
(2017)
Exports - commodities:
timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa, coconut oil
Imports:
$462.1 million
(2017 est.)
$419.3 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
Imports - commodities:
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners:
China 21.9%, Australia 19.6%, Singapore 10.7%, Vietnam 7.5%, NZ 6.2%, Papua New Guinea 5%, South Korea 4.7%
(2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$0
(31 December 2017 est.)
$421 million
(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Debt - external:
$757 million
(31 December 2017 est.)
$643 million
(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Exchange rates:
Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar -
8.06126
(2020 est.)
8.10373
(2019 est.)
8.01282
(2018 est.)
7.9147
(2014 est.)
7.3754
(2013 est.)
Energy
Electricity access:
electrification - total population:
66.7%
(2018)
electrification - urban areas:
76.7%
(2018)
electrification - rural areas:
63.5%
(2018)
Electricity - production:
103 million kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
Electricity - consumption:
95.79 million kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
38,000 kW
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
92% of total installed capacity
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
8% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl
(1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
1,600 bbl/day
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Refined petroleum products - imports:
1,577 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m
(1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
233,500 Mt
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines:
total subscriptions:
7,130
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
1.06
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Telephones - mobile cellular:
total subscriptions:
480,124
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
71.38
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 173
Telecommunication systems:
general assessment:
Internet penetration has reached 20%; 3G and 4G LTE mobile network expansions, investment in mobile services in the region; otherwise 3G and satellite services for communication and Internet access; increase in broadband subscriptions; the launch of the Kacific-1 satellite in 2019 and the Coral Sea Cable System have vastly improved the telecom sector
(2020)
domestic:
fixed-line is 1 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular telephone density is about 71 per 100 persons; domestic cable system to extend to key major islands
(2019)
international:
country code - 677; landing points for the CSCS and ICNS2 submarine cables providing connectivity from Solomon Islands, to PNG, Vanuatu and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
(2019)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
Broadcast media:
Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) does not broadcast television; multi-channel pay-TV is available; SIBC operates 2 national radio stations and 2 provincial stations; there are 2 local commercial radio stations; Radio Australia is available via satellite feed (since 2009)
(2019)
Internet country code:
.sb
Internet users:
total:
78,686
percent of population:
11.92%
(July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
total:
1,488
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
less than 1
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
Transportation
National air transport system:
number of registered air carriers:
1
(2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers:
6
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
427,806
(2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
3.84 million
mt-km
(2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
H4
(2016)
Airports:
36
(2013)
country comparison to the world: 109
Airports - with paved runways:
total:
1
(2019)
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total:
35
(2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
(2013)
914 to 1,523 m:
10
(2013)
under 914 m:
24
(2013)
Heliports:
3
(2013)
Roadways:
total:
1,390 km
(2011)
paved:
34 km
(2011)
unpaved:
1,356 km
(2011)
note: includes 920 km of private plantation roads
country comparison to the world: 175
Merchant marine:
total:
23
by type:
general cargo 7, oil tanker 1, other 15
(2019)
country comparison to the world: 141
Ports and terminals:
major seaport(s):
Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulaghi
Military and Security
Military and security forces:
no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police Force
(2019)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:
since 2003, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, consisting of police, military, and civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted in reestablishing and maintaining civil and political order while reinforcing regional stability and security
Trafficking in persons:
current situation:
the Solomon Islands is a source and destination country for local adults and children and Southeast Asian men and women subjected to forced labor and forced prostitution; women from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines are recruited for legitimate work and upon arrival are forced into prostitution; men from Indonesia and Malaysia recruited to work in the Solomon Islands' mining and logging industries may be subjected to forced labor; local children are forced into prostitution near foreign logging camps, on fishing vessels, at hotels, and entertainment venues; some local children are also sold by their parents for marriage to foreign workers or put up for "informal adoption" to pay off debts and then find themselves forced into domestic servitude or forced prostitution
tier rating:
Tier 2 Watch List – the Solomon Islands does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the Solomon Islands was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; the government gazetted implementing regulations for the 2012 immigration act prohibiting transnational trafficking, but the penalties are not sufficiently stringent because they allow the option of paying a fine; a new draft law to address these weaknesses awaits parliamentary review; no new trafficking investigations were conducted, even after labor inspections at logging and fishing companies, no existing cases led to prosecutions or convictions, and no funding was allocated for national anti-trafficking efforts; authorities did not identify or protect any victims and lack any procedures or shelters to do so; civil society and religious organizations provide most of the limited services available; a lack of understanding of the crime of trafficking remains a serious challenge (2015)
