Montenegro :: Europe
Introduction
Background:
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.
Geography
Location:
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Geographic coordinates:
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total:
13,812 sq km
land:
13,452 sq km
water:
360 sq km
country comparison to the world: 161
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware
Land boundaries:
total:
680 km
border countries (5):
Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km
Coastline:
293.5 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12
nm
continental shelf:
defined by treaty
Climate:
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain:
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Elevation:
mean elevation:
1,086 m
lowest point:
Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point:
Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Natural resources:
bauxite, hydroelectricity
Land use:
agricultural land:
38.2%
(2011 est.)
arable land:
12.9%
(2011 est.)
/
permanent crops:
1.2%
(2011 est.)
/
permanent pasture:
24.1%
(2011 est.)
forest:
40.4%
(2011 est.)
other:
21.4%
(2011 est.)
Irrigated land:
24 sq km
(2012)
Population distribution:
highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
Environment - international agreements:
party to:
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location along the Adriatic coast
People and Society
Population:
609,859
(July 2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
Nationality:
noun:
Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
Montenegrin
Ethnic groups:
Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9%
(2011 est.)
Languages:
Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4%
(2011 est.)
Religions:
Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6%
(2011 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:
18.14%
(male 57,402/female 53,217)
15-24 years:
12.78%
(male 40,220/female 37,720)
25-54 years:
39.65%
(male 120,374/female 121,461)
55-64 years:
13.41%
(male 40,099/female 41,670)
65 years and over:
16.02%
(male 42,345/female 55,351)
(2020 est.)
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:
51.1
youth dependency ratio:
27.3
elderly dependency ratio:
23.8
potential support ratio:
4.2
(2020 est.)
Median age:
total:
39.6 years
male:
38.1 years
female:
41.1 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Population growth rate:
-0.37%
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 220
Birth rate:
11.5 births/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
Death rate:
10.4 deaths/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Net migration rate:
-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Population distribution:
highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Urbanization:
urban population:
67.5% of total population
(2020)
rate of urbanization:
0.54% annual rate of change
(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
177,000 PODGORICA (capital)
(2018)
Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years:
1.08 male(s)/female
15-24 years:
1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years:
0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years:
0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.77 male(s)/female
total population:
0.97 male(s)/female
(2020 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
26.3 years
(2010 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
6 deaths/100,000 live births
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
Infant mortality rate:
total:
3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male:
2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
4 deaths/1,000 live births
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
77.3 years
male:
74.8 years
female:
79.8 years
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
Total fertility rate:
1.82 children born/woman
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
20.7%
(2018)
Drinking water source:
improved:
urban:
100% of population
rural:
100% of population
total:
99.8% of population
unimproved:
urban:
0% of population
rural:
0% of population
total:
0.2% of population
(2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure:
7.6%
(2016)
Physicians density:
2.38 physicians/1,000 population
(2015)
Hospital bed density:
3.9 beds/1,000 population
(2017)
Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban:
100% of population
rural:
93.9% of population
total:
97.8% of population
unimproved:
urban:
0% of population
rural:
6.1% of population
total:
2.2% of population
(2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
<.1%
(2019 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
<500
(2019 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
<100
(2019 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk:
intermediate
(2020)
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases:
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
23.3%
(2016)
country comparison to the world: 66
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
1%
(2013)
country comparison to the world: 127
Education expenditures:
NA
Literacy:
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
98.8%
male:
99.5%
female:
98.3%
(2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:
15 years
male:
15 years
female:
15 years
(2019)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:
29.4%
male:
33.3%
female:
23.6%
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
Government
Country name:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Montenegro
local long form:
none
local short form:
Crna Gora
former:
People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
etymology:
the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area
Government type:
parliamentary republic
Capital:
name:
Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
geographic coordinates:
42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around
Administrative divisions:
24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Independence:
3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
National holiday:
National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)
Constitution:
history:
several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
amendments:
proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014
Legal system:
civil law
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship:
citizenship by birth:
no
citizenship by descent only:
at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
dual citizenship recognized:
no
residency requirement for naturalization:
10 years
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)
head of government:
Prime Minister Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC (since 4 December 2020)
cabinet:
Ministers act as cabinet
elections/appointments:
president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
election results:
Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
Legislative branch:
description:
unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections:
last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
election results:
percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, AK 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, AK 1.; composition - men 57, women 24, percent of women 29.6%
Judicial branch:
highest courts:
Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office:
Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
subordinate courts:
Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Political parties and leaders:
Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] ++ Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA) ++ Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP ++ Albanian List (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA) ++ Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] ++ Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] ++ Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC] ++ Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] ++ Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) ++ Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI] ++ Democratic League of Albanians or DSA ++ Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Alexsa BECIC] ++ Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA] ++ Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] ++ Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC] ++ Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC] ++ Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC] ++ Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] ++ For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP) ++ Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC] ++ Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] ++ New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] ++ New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] ++ Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC] ++ Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Alexa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI) ++ Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties) ++ Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] ++ Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] ++ Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC] ++ True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC] ++ United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS) ++ United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC] ++ Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]
International organization participation:
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)
chancery:
1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-6108
FAX:
[1] (202) 234-6109
consulate(s) general:
New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
telephone:
+382 (0)20 410 500
embassy:
Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica
mailing address:
use embassy street address
FAX:
[382] 20-241-358
Flag description:
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
National symbol(s):
double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold
National anthem:
name:
"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
lyrics/music:
Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
Economy
Economic overview:
Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro's GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro's total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro's hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.
++ Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.
++ The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.
++ Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country's highway system, which will become part of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro's growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China's Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.
GDP real growth rate:
4.3%
(2017 est.)
2.9%
(2016 est.)
3.4%
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.3%
(2019 est.)
2.6%
(2018 est.)
2.3%
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
Credit ratings:
Moody's rating:
B1
(2016)
Standard & Poors rating:
B+
(2014)
GDP (purchasing power parity) - real:
$11.08 billion
(2017 est.)
$10.63 billion
(2016 est.)
$10.32 billion
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$5.486 billion
(2019 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$17,800
(2017 est.)
$17,100
(2016 est.)
$16,600
(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 79
Gross national saving:
13.2% of GDP
(2017 est.)
9.9% of GDP
(2016 est.)
9.1% of GDP
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:
7.5%
(2016 est.)
industry:
15.9%
(2016 est.)
services:
76.6%
(2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:
76.8%
(2016 est.)
government consumption:
19.6%
(2016 est.)
investment in fixed capital:
23.2%
(2016 est.)
investment in inventories:
2.9%
(2016 est.)
exports of goods and services:
40.5%
(2016 est.)
imports of goods and services:
-63%
(2016 est.)
Ease of Doing Business Index scores:
86.7
(2020)
Agriculture - products:
tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine
Industries:
steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
-4.2%
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Labor force:
167,000
(2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:
7.9%
industry:
17.1%
services:
75%
(2017 est.)
Unemployment rate:
15.82%
(2019 est.)
18.8%
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
Population below poverty line:
8.6%
(2013 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
3.5%
highest 10%:
25.7%
(2014 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
1.78 billion
(2017 est.)
expenditures:
2.05 billion
(2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
37.2% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-5.6% (of GDP)
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Public debt:
67.2% of GDP
(2017 est.)
66.4% of GDP
(2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
country comparison to the world: 55
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Current account balance:
-$780 million
(2017 est.)
-$710 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
Exports:
$422.2 million
(2017 est.)
$362 million
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
Imports:
$2.618 billion
(2017 est.)
$2.29 billion
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.077 billion
(31 December 2017 est.)
$846.5 million
(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
Debt - external:
$2.516 billion
(31 December 2017 est.)
$2.224 billion
(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148
Exchange rates:
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.885
(2017 est.)
0.903
(2016 est.)
0.9214
(2015 est.)
0.885
(2014 est.)
0.7634
(2013 est.)
Energy
Electricity access:
electrification - total population:
100%
(2020)
Electricity - production:
3.045 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Electricity - consumption:
2.808 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
Electricity - exports:
914 million kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Electricity - imports:
1.21 billion kWh
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
890,000 kW
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
23% of total installed capacity
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
69% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
8% of total installed capacity
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl
(1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
6,000 bbl/day
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Refined petroleum products - exports:
357 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
Refined petroleum products - imports:
6,448 bbl/day
(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 173
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m
(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
2.287 million Mt
(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines:
total subscriptions:
183,387
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
29.96
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Telephones - mobile cellular:
total subscriptions:
1,121,870
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
183.28
(2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
Telecommunication systems:
general assessment:
modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; telecom sector in-line with EU norms which means competition, access and tariff structures; DSL, cable, leased line, fiber and wireless available; seasonal tourist have boosted mobile penetration; wide availability of LTE technologies has made mobile broadband a viable alternative to fixed-line broadband in rural areas; 5G services anticipated in the future
(2020)
domestic:
GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage growing; fixed-line 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular 183 per 100 persons
(2019)
international:
country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated
Broadcast media:
state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media
(2019)
Internet country code:
.me
Internet users:
total:
439,311
percent of population:
71.52%
(July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
total:
159,029
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
26
(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
Transportation
National air transport system:
number of registered air carriers:
1
(2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers:
4
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers:
565,522
(2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
130,000
mt-km
(2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
4O
(2016)
Airports:
5
(2013)
country comparison to the world: 181
Airports - with paved runways:
total:
5
(2019)
2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
1
under 914 m:
1
Heliports:
1
(2012)
Railways:
total:
250 km
(2017)
standard gauge:
250 km
1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)
(2017)
country comparison to the world: 125
Roadways:
total:
7,762 km
(2010)
paved:
7,141 km
(2010)
unpaved:
621 km
(2010)
country comparison to the world: 139
Merchant marine:
total:
12
by type:
bulk carrier 4, other 8
(2019)
country comparison to the world: 150
Ports and terminals:
major seaport(s):
Bar
Military and Security
Military and security forces:
Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force
(2019)
Military expenditures:
1.66% of GDP
(2019 est.)
1.39% of GDP
(2018)
1.35% of GDP
(2017)
1.42% of GDP
(2016)
1.4% of GDP
(2015)
country comparison to the world: 68
Military and security service personnel strengths:
the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,400 total active duty troops (1,400 Army; 400 Navy; 200 Air Force; 400 other)
(2019 est.)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:
the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems, such as French-made helicopters; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US
(2019 est.)
Military service age and obligation:
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2012)
Terrorism
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:
Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons:
142 (2019)
note: 17,287 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2020)
