ro - Romania :: The World Factbook

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Europe

total: 238,391 sq km

land: 229,891 sq km

water: 8,500 sq km

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

total: 2,844 km

border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km

225 km

territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

mean elevation: 414 m

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

agricultural land: 60.7% (2011 est.)

arable land: 39.1% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 1.9% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 19.7% (2011 est.)

forest: 28.7% (2011 est.)

other: 10.6% (2011 est.)

31,490 sq km (2012)

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

21,302,893 (July 2020 est.)

noun: Romanian(s)

adjective: Romanian

Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Romani 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

0-14 years: 14.12% (male 1,545,196/female 1,463,700)

15-24 years: 10.31% (male 1,126,997/female 1,068,817)

25-54 years: 46.26% (male 4,993,886/female 4,860,408)

55-64 years: 11.73% (male 1,176,814/female 1,322,048)

65 years and over: 17.58% (male 1,516,472/female 2,228,555) (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio: 53.3

youth dependency ratio: 23.8

elderly dependency ratio: 29.5

potential support ratio: 3.4 (2020 est.)

total: 42.5 years

male: 41 years

female: 44 years (2020 est.)

-0.37% (2020 est.)

8.5 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)

12 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

urban population: 54.2% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: -0.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

1.803 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2020)

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

27.1 years (2017 est.)

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

total: 8.7 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)

total population: 76 years

male: 72.6 years

female: 79.7 years (2020 est.)

1.38 children born/woman (2020 est.)

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

5.2% (2017)

2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

6.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

improved: urban: 95.3% of population

rural: 71.5% of population

total: 84.3% of population

unimproved: urban: 4.7% of population

rural: 28.5% of population

total: 15.7% of population (2017 est.)

0.1% (2019 est.)

190,000 (2019 est.)

<500 (2019 est.)

22.5% (2016)

3.1% of GDP (2017)

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.8%

male: 99.1%

female: 98.6% (2018)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 15 years (2018)

total: 16.2%

male: 16.3%

female: 16.2% (2018 est.)

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Romania

local long form: none

local short form: Romania

former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

etymology: the name derives from the Latin "Romanus" meaning "citizen of Rome" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

semi-presidential republic

name: Bucharest

geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

amendments: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania's counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms, cannot be amended; amended 2003

civil law system

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)

head of government: Interim Prime Minister Nicolae-Ionel CIUCA (since 7 December 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Raluca TURCAN (since 4 November 2019); note - Prime Minister ORBAN lost a no-confidence vote on 5 February 2020; President IOHANNIS asked ORBAN to form a new government on 6 February 2020; Prime Minister ORBAN announced an unchanged government on 10 February 2020; on 24 February, the Constitutional Court rules that the president must nominate for Prime Minister someone who can get enough support in parliament to assume office, not a Prime Minister-designate who has been previously ousted in a no-confidence vote; on 13 March President IOHANNIS again asked ORBAN to form a new government; Prime Minister ORBAN's unchanged cabinet was approved by parliament on 14 March 2020

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 November 2019 with a runoff on 24 November 2019 (next to be held in November 2024); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

election results: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%; Ludovic ORBAN approved as prime minister with 240 votes

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of: Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) ++ Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (330 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024) ++ Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 29.3%, PNL 25.6%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.9%, AUR 9.2%, UDMR 5.9%, other 14.1%; seats by party - PSD 47, PNL 41, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 25, AUR 14, UDMR 9; composition - men NA, women NA, percent of women NA% ++ Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 28.9%, PNL 25.2%, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 15.4%, AUR 9.1%, UDMR 5.7%, other 15.7%; seats by party - PSD 110, PNL 93, 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance 55, AUR 33, UDMR 21, other 18; composition men NA, women NA, percent of women NA; note - total Parliament percent of women NA%

highest courts: High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

2020 USR-PLUS Alliance [Dan BARNA and Dacian CIOLOS] ++ Alliance for the Unity of Romanians {George SIMION and Claudiu TARZIU] ++ Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] ++ Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO] ++ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] ++ Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP] ++ Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU] ++ M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN] ++ National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN] ++ New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU] ++ Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU] ++ Party of Liberty, Unity, and Solidarity or PLUS [Dacian CIOLOS] ++ Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU] ++ Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU] ++ Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] ++ Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA] ++ Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU] ++ United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

chief of mission: Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015)

chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852

FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian ZUCKERMAN (since 17 December 2019)

telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300

embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442

three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. ++ In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. ++ Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest's annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018. ++ An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania's long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.

4.2% (2019 est.)

4.54% (2018 est.)

7.11% (2017 est.)

3.8% (2019 est.)

4.6% (2018 est.)

1.3% (2017 est.)

Fitch rating: BBB- (2011)

Moody's rating: Baa3 (2006)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2014)

$481.379 billion (2019 est.)

$462.018 billion (2018 est.)

$441.969 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars

$249.543 billion (2019 est.)

$12,011 (2019 est.)

$11,444 (2018 est.)

$10,865 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars

21.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

21.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

23.9% of GDP (2015 est.)

agriculture: 4.2% (2017 est.)

industry: 33.2% (2017 est.)

services: 62.6% (2017 est.)

household consumption: 70% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 7.7% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.6% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.9% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 41.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -43.6% (2017 est.)

87.7 (2020)

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

5.5% (2017 est.)

4.889 million (2020 est.)

agriculture: 28.3%

industry: 28.9%

services: 42.8% (2014)

3.06% (2019 est.)

3.56% (2018 est.)

22.4% (2012 est.)

lowest 10%: 15.3%

highest 10%: 7.6% (2014 est.)

revenues: 62.14 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 68.13 billion (2017 est.)

29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

36.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

38.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

calendar year

-$11.389 billion (2019 est.)

-$10.78 billion (2018 est.)

$114.311 billion (2019 est.)

$110.685 billion (2018 est.)

$105.188 billion (2017 est.)

Germany 23%, Italy 11.2%, France 6.8%, Hungary 4.7%, UK 4.1% (2017)

machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials

$136.091 billion (2019 est.)

$127.553 billion (2018 est.)

$117.292 billion (2017 est.)

machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials

Germany 20%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7.5%, Poland 5.5%, France 5.3%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2017)

$44.43 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$40 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$95.97 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$93.71 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

lei (RON) per US dollar -

4.02835 (2020 est.)

4.31655 (2019 est.)

4.0782 (2018 est.)

4.0057 (2014 est.)

3.3492 (2013 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2020)

61.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)

49.64 billion kWh (2016 est.)

11.22 billion kWh (2015 est.)

4.177 billion kWh (2016 est.)

23.94 million kW (2016 est.)

47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

29% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

70,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

2,076 bbl/day (2015 est.)

145,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

600 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

198,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

103,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

49,420 bbl/day (2015 est.)

10.87 billion cu m (2017 est.)

11.58 billion cu m (2017 est.)

22.65 million cu m (2017 est.)

1.218 billion cu m (2017 est.)

105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

72.07 million Mt (2017 est.)

total subscriptions: 3,731,047

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17.45 (2019 est.)

total subscriptions: 25,033,292

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 117.08 (2019 est.)

general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services; competition among a number of telecoms; LTE and 5G services; 1Gb/FttP offering; govt. secures EU funding to extend broadband to areas of the country not yet connected and does away with SIM card registration; operators invest in networks capacity upgrades (2020)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity is about 17 telephones per 100 persons; mobile market served by four mobile network operators; mobile-cellular teledensity over 117 telephones per 100 persons (2019)

international: country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated

a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting

.ro

total: 15,165,890

percent of population: 70.68% (July 2018 est.)

total: 5.083 million

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2018 est.)

number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 60

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,908,235 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.71 million mt-km (2018)

YR (2016)

45 (2013)

total: 26 (2017)

over 3,047 m: 4 (2017)

2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 (2017)

1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 (2017)

under 914 m: 1 (2017)

total: 19 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2013)

under 914 m: 14 (2013)

2 (2013)

3726 km gas, 2451 km oil (2013)

total: 11,268 km (2014)

standard gauge: 10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified) (2014)

narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)

broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge (2014)

total: 84,185 km (2012)

paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) (2012)

unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)

total: 120

by type: general cargo 11, oil tanker 7, other 102 (2019)

major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia

river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

Romanian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Gendarmerie (2019)

2.04% of GDP (2019 est.)

1.82% of GDP (2018)

1.72% of GDP (2017)

1.4% of GDP (2016)

1.45% of GDP (2015)

the Romanian Armed Forces have approximately 72,000 active duty personnel (40,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 10,000 Air Force; 15,000 joint) (2019 est.)

the inventory of the Romanian Armed Forces is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically-produced weapons systems; there is also a smaller mix of Western-origin equipment; Italy, Portugal (second-hand fighter aircraft), and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Romania since 2010 (2019 est.)

740 Afghanistan (NATO); 240 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM); up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2020)

conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

stateless persons: 192 (2019)

note: 6,347 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2020)

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Romania :: Europe

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